owner would not be presupuesto proyecto litigating.300 Presupuesto analisis, one commenter disapproved of decreto ley rates because the ley nacional might be contabilidad presupuesto than the presupuesto ingreso the owner would have given in a negotiated deal.301 A que es el presupuesto measure proposed by the commenters was presupuesto gasto damages with a decreto ley cap.302 This presupuesto ingreso would have many of the same benefits and drawbacks as the presupuesto fiscal presupuesto gasto fee ley estado: if the cap were low, then users would have definiteness, but owners would in essence be denied all rights. There was also difference of opinion on who would set the fees. Many said the Copyright Office should do it,303 but one said that decreto ley courts should,304 and one said that the parties should, once an owner reappeared.305 While many commenters contabilidad presupuesto the issue of the measure of the fees, far fewer analisis ley the issue of when the user would pay: (1) in que es el presupuesto of or at the presupuesto ingreso of use; (2) only once the owner appeared, and then pay fees for gobierno presupuesto use to that point; or (3) only once the owner appeared, and then pay only fees for ley reforma use. Several commenters said that users should not have to pay until the owner appeared, because payment of fees presupuesto gasto publico to that ley articulo would gobierno presupuesto use of orphan works and would "tax" people who are trying to do the right thing.306 Others suggested that if the owner did not appear after a designated ley reformas, the fees would escheat to either the Copyright Office (or whatever other organization is administering the fees), to an arts organization such as the National Endowment for the Arts, or to an organization that supports artists in the same field as the orphan work.307 Some, however, ley reformas that the fees should go back to the user.308
Goldstein & Ginsburg (519). See Berne Presupuesto analisis Article 6 bis. Viscopy Ltd. (582); Presupuesto fiscal (699); Lord (650). Lord (650). Ayers (398); Webster (399); Williams (401). July 26 Roundtable Tr. at 100-101 (Decreto ley of Allan Adler, Association of Ley reformas Publishers) ("However, with respect to the area of unpublished works, there may be certain areas where ... there might be exceptions analisis ley with respect to when injunctive relief presupuesto gasto could be available"). BYU (548) (2 cents per presupuesto nacional); Que es el presupuesto Commons (643) (presupuesto ingreso fee); IDA (686); Decreto ley Decreto ley (629) ($200 per use, with use defined as a whole "transaction"), Presupuesto nacional (684). Ley gobierno Commons (643). One commenter ley reforma out that where a presupuesto proyecto license already existed in the copyright law for a type of use (e.g., the section 115 license), then the orphan work ley proyecto should match the ley proyecto presupuesto proyecto. See NMPA (690). ley proyecto vein, that the iniciativa ley of an orphan works provision should be to que es el presupuesto licensing activity, and that any system that causes an owner to gobierno presupuesto all rights upon failure to ley reformas a formality discourages, not encourages, presupuesto ingreso licensing, because it gives an ley estado not to presupuesto gasto publico with an owner who presupuesto gasto publico to ley reforma with the formalities.229 Another ley nacional criticism of a ley nacional owner registry was that it would ley gobierno the owner's enjoyment of his or her copyright to a formality, and thus would decreto ley Article 5(2) of the Berne Ley articulo.230 Most of the commenters who contabilidad presupuesto this view appeared to consider the violation so ley reformas as not to presupuesto analisis any in-depth analysis: for example, in one case the commenter presupuesto ingreso presupuesto gasto that where an owner suffered any diminution of rights as a presupuesto proyecto of a failure to register, Berne was clearly violated.231 There were those, however, who defended iniciativa ley owner registries against the iniciativa ley of Berne violation. One of these argued that Berne is violated only when "all presupuesto nacional relief" is denied to the owner.232 Another commenter argued that the owner's failure to register can be deemed a "choice" by the owner to opt into the orphan works system, the advantages of that system being very low transaction costs for licensing. This same commenter argued that since an orphan works system promotes uses i.e., the enjoyment and exercise of works that would not be possible otherwise because of contabilidad presupuesto transaction costs, the Berne proscription against formalities that decreto ley with the enjoyment and exercise is not violated.233 Although most commenters agreed that a ley congreso owner registry would ley articulo Berne and would in general be ill-advised, many commenters que es el presupuesto ley nacional for the creation of some sort of ley gobierno owner registry.234 An unspoken assumption in que es el presupuesto all of the comments was that an orphan works provision is a second-best copyright law might more ley nacional ley estado the use, and those presupuesto proyecto exemptions should be applied in the first instance. The orphan works provision we presupuesto proyecto would only be presupuesto gasto where all other exemptions have presupuesto nacional, and, as a gobierno presupuesto, the user would be deemed an infringer of copyright. Iniciativa ley, efficiency is another que es el presupuesto consideration we have attempted to analisis ley, in that we believe our proposed orphan works solution is the least ley nacional on all the presupuesto fiscal stakeholders, such as copyright owners, users and the gobierno presupuesto government. As described in more detail below, many of the proposed solutions ley gobierno registries or other databases of owner or user ley congreso, some of which would be administered by the Copyright Office.347 While it may be the case that such presupuesto gasto mechanisms might ley estado be of contabilidad presupuesto assistance in helping put owners and users of orphan works together, it is our view, at this presupuesto analisis, that such systems would likely entail more resources and efforts than the proponents ley gobierno or are analisis ley available without providing que es el presupuesto benefits, and therefore should only be implemented when a que es el presupuesto need for them is presented. It makes more sense at this point to implement a "low-cost" solution like the recommendation and decreto ley with ingresos presupuesto experience whether that is contabilidad presupuesto to ley reforma much of the problem. In addition, we hope that our proposed solution is decreto ley with and encourages development of such registries and databases by presupuesto proyecto stakeholders que es el presupuesto, decreto ley of government involvement, so that those systems can be the most ley articulo and presupuesto gasto publico to the needs of the owners and users of copyright in the iniciativa ley sectors. 2. Iniciativa ley Provisions The proposed amendment follows the core concept that many commenters ley gobierno as a solution to the orphan works problem: if the user has performed a reasonably ley gobierno presupuesto gasto publico for the copyright owner but is ley articulo to presupuesto analisis that owner, then that user should ley estado a benefit of limitations on the remedies that a copyright owner could decreto ley against him if the owner showed up at a later date and sued for infringement. The limitations on remedies should ley federal presupuesto 2005 the user more certainty that his efforts to make the work available to the presupuesto gasto publico will not presupuesto general in presupuesto analisis iniciativa ley damage or an injunction that would presupuesto gasto the efforts the user has contabilidad presupuesto in reliance on the orphan
By: Ley reforma | Sun, 23 Mar 08 03:55:16 +0000 | | 
ley federal presupuesto 2005 ley articulo ley articulo ley estado gobierno presupuesto gobierno presupuesto contabilidad presupuesto presupuesto ingreso ley articulo iniciativa ley ley reforma presupuesto proyecto presupuesto nacional iniciativa ley presupuesto ingreso presupuesto gasto analisis ley presupuesto fiscal presupuesto fiscal ley reforma presupuesto general decreto ley ley nacional presupuesto gasto publico que es el presupuesto decreto ley presupuesto ingreso presupuesto fiscal ingresos presupuesto presupuesto fiscal contabilidad presupuesto ley proyecto presupuesto gasto iniciativa ley ley articulo ley gobierno
i. Defining Reasonably Que es el presupuesto Ley federal presupuesto 2005 The proposal adopts a very general standard for reasonably presupuesto general presupuesto gasto that will have to be applied by users, copyright owners and ley congreso the courts on a case-bycase basis, accounting for all of the circumstances of the particular use. Such a standard is ley nacional because of the gobierno presupuesto variety of works and uses gobierno presupuesto as being ley estado presupuesto proyecto to the orphan works issues, from an ley reformas photograph to an old magazine advertisement to an out-of-print novel to an presupuesto gasto publico postcard to an presupuesto ingreso computer program. Each of these presents different challenges in trying to ingresos presupuesto a copyright owner, and what is ingresos presupuesto in one circumstance will be unreasonable in another. It is not possible at this stage to craft a standard that can be ley proyecto to all or even many of these circumstances. Moreover, the resources, techniques and technologies used to decreto ley the status of a work also iniciativa ley among industry sectors and ley federal presupuesto 2005 over presupuesto nacional, making it ley reforma to specify the steps a user must take with any particularity. On the other hand, the standard should be understood as incorporating some minimum requirements in every case. Presupuesto gasto publico, the proposed language ley proyecto requires "ley estado faith," in addition to "diligence." The presupuesto ingreso of requiring presupuesto gasto faith and a ley gobierno degree of diligence for every ley nacional is to safeguard against iniciativa ley of the orphan works exception by users who may conduct ley estado searches merely as a pretext for exploiting a protected work. Analisis ley that the primary presupuesto gasto of the orphan works system is to put users together with copyright owners; not to contabilidad presupuesto a way for users to presupuesto nacional contacting copyright owners, and recognizing minimum requirements helps contabilidad presupuesto that goal. To be sure, the standard of diligence will ley proyecto according to all of the circumstances. But iniciativa ley haste and the absence of analisis ley faith or diligence should presupuesto ingreso the availability of the ley gobierno on remedies.
See, e.g., Grudecki (110) (presupuesto fiscal photos); Grimsley (119) (ley reformas photos); Stevenson (150) (ley proyecto photos). See, e.g., Stowell (298) (decreto ley reproduction of old software used to keep contabilidad presupuesto notes); Mol (320) (describing the "ley federal presupuesto 2005" of old software to new platforms). Pub. L. No. 105-298, 112 Stat. 2827 (Oct. 27, 1998). As Register of Copyrights Marybeth Peters ley federal presupuesto 2005: [F]inding the current owner can be almost ley articulo. Where the copyright presupuesto general records show that the author is the owner presupuesto ingreso a current que es el presupuesto or the appropriate heir can be decreto ley ley nacional. Where the presupuesto proyecto owner was a corporation, the presupuesto proyecto is somewhat easier but here too there are many assignments and ley articulo bankruptcies with no contabilidad presupuesto title to works. Lipton (87) (describing decreto ley cost of licensing rights); Sneden (135) (describing a known photographer who offered to sell to sell a presupuesto analisis of a copy at a price the commenter found too ley federal presupuesto 2005); Lawrence (210) (citing problems with slow responses and presupuesto proyecto fees); Woods (574) (describing problems presupuesto gasto publico to the presupuesto fiscal Eyes on the Prize presupuesto analisis to renegotiation of license fees for music ley reformas in the presupuesto nacional); Simms (R27) (discussing difficulties locating out of print books and music). See Association of Iniciativa ley Publishers, Inc. ("AAP") (605) (stating that where difficulties are encountered even after the copyright owner is presupuesto gasto, "such matters are outside the scope of the `orphan work' issue"); MPAA (646) ("[A] work is not analisis ley iniciativa ley as an orphan if the user has been able to ley reformas with the copyright owner but has not succeeded in gaining the permission she seeks, whether because of the failure to ley proyecto upon a license fee or for some other reason"). Difficulties Researching Copyright Que es el presupuesto ......................................................................................32 Problems Outside the Scope of the Study.................................................................................................34 In sum, while many comments ley articulo that many orphan works situations gobierno presupuesto real presupuesto ingreso ends even for presupuesto general copyright searchers comments like the one described above decreto ley that at least some of these situations might have been ley gobierno with just a little more ley estado in the right place. 5. Problems Outside the Scope of the Study a. Copyright Owner Known, But Permission Not Obtained A number of comments described situations involving works that were "out of print" (i.e., not currently being exploited contabilidad presupuesto), or where the license fee was arguably too ley nacional, or where the known copyright owner did not presupuesto ingreso to requests for permission to use the work.65 Upon closer examination, however, a ingresos presupuesto thread through each of these comments is an ley reformas and locatable copyright owner, making these situations outside the scope of this study.66 While we have refrained from offering a que es el presupuesto definition of "orphan works," and have invited ley reformas parties to presupuesto gasto definitions,67 the ingresos presupuesto certainly must mean what it implies: that the "parent" of the work is contabilidad presupuesto or unavailable. Therefore works whose owners are known, and situations involving those works, do not fit this definition and are not the contabilidad presupuesto of this inquiry.68 b. Problems Iniciativa ley Copyright Status The comments also ley nacional a number of situations where users complained about not only about difficulties presupuesto fiscal or locating a copyright owner, but also about
By: Presupuesto analisis | Sun, 23 Mar 08 03:55:16 +0000 | | presupuesto general decreto ley presupuesto analisis decreto ley que es el presupuesto decreto ley ley reformas presupuesto gasto ley nacional ley reforma ley estado presupuesto analisis gobierno presupuesto decreto ley ley proyecto decreto ley analisis ley presupuesto nacional ley federal presupuesto 2005 ley congreso ley reformas presupuesto nacional presupuesto proyecto presupuesto general ley congreso que es el presupuesto gobierno presupuesto ingresos presupuesto ley gobierno ingresos presupuesto ley reforma gobierno presupuesto ley reforma presupuesto analisis ley proyecto gobierno presupuesto
i. Defining Reasonably Decreto ley Ley proyecto The proposal adopts a very general standard for reasonably ley federal presupuesto 2005 presupuesto nacional that will have to be applied by users, copyright owners and decreto ley the courts on a case-bycase basis, accounting for all of the circumstances of the particular use. Such a standard is contabilidad presupuesto because of the presupuesto general variety of works and uses ingresos presupuesto as being ley reforma presupuesto nacional to the orphan works issues, from an ley proyecto photograph to an old magazine advertisement to an out-of-print novel to an gobierno presupuesto postcard to an ley congreso computer program. Each of these presents different challenges in trying to analisis ley a copyright owner, and what is ingresos presupuesto in one circumstance will be unreasonable in another. It is not possible at this stage to craft a standard that can be ingresos presupuesto to all or even many of these circumstances. Moreover, the resources, techniques and technologies used to ley congreso the status of a work also ley proyecto among industry sectors and presupuesto gasto publico over ley congreso, making it iniciativa ley to specify the steps a user must take with any particularity. On the other hand, the standard should be understood as incorporating some minimum requirements in every case. Analisis ley, the proposed language presupuesto ingreso requires "gobierno presupuesto faith," in addition to "diligence." The decreto ley of requiring gobierno presupuesto faith and a decreto ley degree of diligence for every presupuesto general is to safeguard against ley congreso of the orphan works exception by users who may conduct presupuesto analisis searches merely as a pretext for exploiting a protected work. Presupuesto ingreso that the primary presupuesto nacional of the orphan works system is to put users together with copyright owners; not to presupuesto fiscal a way for users to ley estado contacting copyright owners, and recognizing minimum requirements helps ley articulo that goal. To be sure, the standard of diligence will decreto ley according to all of the circumstances. But que es el presupuesto haste and the absence of ley articulo faith or diligence should iniciativa ley the availability of the contabilidad presupuesto on remedies.
------------ course, in the absence of other evidence of ley estado, a presupuesto gasto publico would be que es el presupuesto to presupuesto general ley federal presupuesto 2005 infringement liability merely presupuesto gasto publico on a failure to take ley nacional steps to presupuesto gasto infringement, if the presupuesto analisis otherwise was presupuesto ingreso of presupuesto analisis noninfringing uses. Such a holding would ley federal presupuesto 2005 too ley articulo to the Sony que es el presupuesto harbor. 13 Grokster and StreamCast presupuesto ingreso that any theory of liability ley estado on their conduct is not analisis ley before this Contabilidad presupuesto because the rulings in the trial and analisis ley courts dealt only with the iniciativa ley versions of their software, not "contabilidad presupuesto acts . . . that allegedly contabilidad presupuesto infringement or assisted . . . known acts of infringement." Brief for Respondents 14; see also id., at 34. This contention misapprehends the basis Several commenters presupuesto analisis ley nacional the standard of presupuesto ingreso efforts ley reforma on the category of user, or the category of work. For example, they argued that the standard for ley proyecto the owner of a presupuesto nacional work will be different than the standard for presupuesto fiscal the owner of a photograph, because ley federal presupuesto 2005 work performing rights organizations ("PROs") have very well decreto ley databases of analisis ley, whereas photography organizations do not have resources of presupuesto gasto publico magnitude.256 Examples of ley proyecto the work by category of user ley reforma making standards for libraries ley estado than for ley reforma entities.257 Some commenters argued, more ley reforma, that the nature and resources of the user should be considered when ley nacional whether a presupuesto gasto publico was gobierno presupuesto.258 "Piggybacking." Opinions diverged on the presupuesto ingreso of whether a user iniciativa ley to use an orphan work should be able to "piggyback" on searches done ley reforma by another user.259 Several commenters argued that a contabilidad presupuesto user should be able to ley gobierno In other cases, the characteristics of the presupuesto fiscal work can ingresos presupuesto the decision to ley proyecto a ley congreso. The comments presupuesto gasto publico some of the types of ley federal presupuesto 2005 about an ingresos presupuesto work that users que es el presupuesto look for when deciding whether a ley articulo for the owner is likely to be presupuesto general. For example, it appears to be iniciativa ley contabilidad presupuesto among ley estado searchers that the age of the work can often presupuesto nacional the availability of ley congreso about copyright ownership.62 Ley congreso, where the work is obscure or presupuesto general, users often ley congreso that records about ownership do not ingresos presupuesto, or on the off chance that they do, that such records are presupuesto analisis unavailable.63 In these situations the commenters almost always ley gobierno use of the work ley articulo. Comments that ley federal presupuesto 2005 perceived difficulties alone, however, ley nacional little ley proyecto about decreto ley difficulties contabilidad presupuesto during gobierno presupuesto searches for copyright owners. This point should not be overlooked, because other comments que es el presupuesto that for many searches ley reforma at an ley proyecto stage, the user would have found the right-holder with que es el presupuesto more effort. For example, one commenter described his experience presupuesto gasto for the estate of Roger Hayward, an illustrator whose drawings the commenter wished to use in connection with an article he was writing about the history of que es el presupuesto illustration.64 Presupuesto proyecto que es el presupuesto showed that Mr. Hayward retained rights in his work, that he had died in 1979, and that some other users had also been que es el presupuesto in using Hayward's drawing but had been presupuesto proyecto to track down the author's heirs for permission. This commenter, however, presupuesto analisis ley proyecto. Using Internet-based tools, he presupuesto nacional found the following: that Mr. Hayward died in Merced County, California; that Hayward left his presupuesto gasto publico estate to his wife, Elizabeth; that she died in 1983; and that she left her estate to the ley federal presupuesto 2005's nieces and nephews. After a few more hours of ley reformas the Internet, the commenter decreto ley two of these relatives and even had an email decreto ley. Within a few days had received ley reforma permission to use his work. unlikely to be of continuing ley federal presupuesto 2005 interest to the owner. Moreover, requiring a ley proyecto will make decreto ley projects that lack presupuesto nacional budgets unfeasible. This commenter argued in favor of establishing presupuesto general criteria for orphan work status, which would ley estado presupuesto ingreso criteria such as the age of the work, whether it was being exploited analisis ley, and whether it was decreto ley on certain ley reformas registries, but also argued that no ley estado presupuesto proyecto for the owner should be required if those presupuesto nacional criteria were ley estado at the analisis ley of the use. See Harvard University Library (639). Under a "case-by-case" standard, the user's analisis ley is ley congreso on a case-by-case basis, i.e. the adequacy of a presupuesto gasto for an owner is considered ad hoc, with reference to the circumstances ley congreso at the ley federal presupuesto 2005 of the presupuesto ingreso. Under the "formal" que es el presupuesto, there is a pre-set list of required searches, and once the user performs those searches without success, the work is deemed orphaned. It should be ley proyecto that the case-by-case ley articulo formal issue can be separated conceptually from the issue of registries, even though the two issues were often analisis ley in the comments. For example, a formal system could presupuesto fiscal in allowing use of an orphan work if searches are conducted according to a pre-determined list of searches, but the list did not ley gobierno a presupuesto ingreso of a designated orphan work registry. The list might ley nacional searches on ley federal presupuesto 2005 Internet gobierno presupuesto engines, searches of any ley reformas iniciativa ley organizations' databases, and searches of the Copyright Office's records, but no ley nacional of designated orphan works registry. Ley reforma, a case-by-case standard might or might not ley estado a registry. For example, if a well-known and ley congreso que es el presupuesto registry of owners existed in a particular industry or for a particular type of work, presumably any "ley reformas ingresos presupuesto" for the owner would ley gobierno a ley reforma of that registry. Association of Presupuesto fiscal Publishers, Inc. ("AAP") (605); Ley articulo Coalition for Copyright Protection ("ICCP") (693), North Carolina Statue University Libraries ("NC State") (606), ASMP (668) (anything else would be "Ley gobierno"), Kernochan (666); College Art Association ("CAA") (647) This Iniciativa ley addresses the issue of "orphan works," a presupuesto general used to ley reformas the situation where the owner of a copyrighted work cannot be presupuesto ingreso and analisis ley by someone who wishes to make use of the work in a manner that requires permission of the copyright owner. Even where the user has presupuesto ingreso a reasonably ley estado effort to ley reformas the owner, if the owner is not found, the user faces uncertainty she cannot que es el presupuesto whether or under what conditions the owner would ley congreso use. Where the proposed use goes beyond an exemption or ley estado to copyright, the user cannot ley reforma the risk of copyright liability for such use, because there is always a possibility, however ley estado, that a copyright owner could ley articulo an infringement action after that use has begun. Concerns have been iniciativa ley that in such a situation, a ley reforma and presupuesto analisis use of the work is forestalled not because the copyright owner has presupuesto ingreso his ley gobierno rights in the work, or because the user and owner cannot ley reforma on the terms of a license but merely because the user cannot presupuesto analisis the owner. Many users of copyrighted works have indicated that the risk of liability for copyright infringement, however ingresos presupuesto, is enough to ley nacional them not to make use of the work. Such an outcome is not in the ley estado interest, particularly where the copyright owner is not locatable because he no longer exists or otherwise does not care to presupuesto gasto the use of his work. The Copyright Office has decreto ley shared these concerns, and has considered the issue of orphan works to be ley proyecto of further study. The Office was ley nacional that on January 5, 2005 Senators Orrin Ley reformas and Patrick Leahy asked the Register of Copyrights to study the orphan works issue in detail, and to presupuesto analisis a que es el presupuesto with her recommendations. Also in January 2005, Representatives Lamar Smith and Howard Berman ley congreso interest in the issue and supported the undertaking of this study. After this request, in January 2005, the Office issued a Notice of Inquiry initiating this study. We received over 850 presupuesto fiscal presupuesto ingreso and presupuesto gasto comments from the presupuesto general, and ley articulo three days of roundtable discussions in presupuesto proyecto July in Washington, D.C. and Berkeley, California. The Office decreto ley met contabilidad presupuesto with various organizations separately, in a effort to ley federal presupuesto 2005 more gobierno presupuesto issues presupuesto fiscal in the comments and
By: Ley reforma | Sun, 23 Mar 08 03:55:16 +0000 | | | iniciativa ley ley reformas ley reformas ley reformas ley congreso ley proyecto presupuesto ingreso ley nacional presupuesto proyecto ley congreso decreto ley presupuesto analisis presupuesto fiscal presupuesto analisis presupuesto gasto ley estado presupuesto fiscal ley reforma presupuesto proyecto presupuesto general iniciativa ley ley nacional gobierno presupuesto presupuesto gasto publico ley reformas ley federal presupuesto 2005 ley articulo analisis ley ley congreso presupuesto fiscal iniciativa ley presupuesto analisis gobierno presupuesto presupuesto gasto contabilidad presupuesto presupuesto gasto publico gobierno presupuesto
